Criminal Liability of Mining Corporations for Post-Mining Environmental Damage
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Mining activities frequently cause massive post-mining environmental degradation, yet criminal law enforcement remains trapped within weak administrative formalities. This research analyzes corporate criminal liability and the relevance of applying the lex specialis derogat legi generali principle between the Mineral and Coal Mining Law and the Environmental Protection and Management Law. Utilizing normative juridical methods with conceptual and statutory approaches, this study reveals that ambiguous jurisdictional boundaries are frequently exploited by corporations as an impunity shield to evade substantive environmental offenses. The findings assert that the urgency of integrating ecological investigations and applying the lex consumens derogat legi consumptae principle is necessary to supersede partial lex specialis doctrines. This legal paradigm transformation is crucial to ensure that criminal enforcement transcends mere administrative compliance, aiming to guarantee ecological justice, functional environmental restoration, and the sustainability of constitutional rights for future generations of impacted communities due to current systemic corporate crimes in Indonesia.
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